Black Oak Mine

Past Producer in Tuolumne county in California, United States with commodities Gold, Silver

Sections on this page

Identification information
Geographic coordinates
Site location context
Geographic areas
Public Land Survey System information
Commodities
Materials information
Alteration
Mineral occurrence model information
Host and associated rocks
Nearby scientific data
Ore body information
Controls for ore emplacement
Economic information about the deposit and operations
Mining district
Land status
Bibliographic references
General comments
Reporter information

Geologic information

Identification information

Deposit ID	10310591
Record type	Site
Current site name	Black Oak Mine

Comments on the site identification

This mine is part of the East Belt of gold mineralization and was reported to be the third largest producer in the East Belt in Tuolumne County.

Geographic coordinates

Geographic coordinates:	-120.27645, 37.97735 (WGS84)
Location accuracy	100(meters)
Relative position	The mine is approximately six miles east of the downtown section of the city of Sonora.

Site location context

Political divisions (FIPS codes)

Tuolumne(county)

California(state)

United States(country)

North America(continent)

Land(continent)

USGS map quadrangles

Standard(quadrangle 1:24,000 scale)

Oakdale(quadrangle 1:100,000 scale)

San Jose(quadrangle 1:250,000 scale)

Hydrologic units (watersheds)

Upper Tuolumne(hydrologic unit)

San Joaquin(hydrologic accounting unit)

San Joaquin(hydrologic subregion)

California(hydrologic region)

Geographic areas

Country	State	County
United States	California	Tuolumne

Public Land Survey System information

Meridian	Township	Range	Section	Fraction	State
Mount Diablo	002N	015E	36	S2	California

Comments on the location information

Location selected for latitude and longitude is the Black Oak Mine ?prospect? symbol on the USGS 7.5-minute Standard quadrangle. This symbol represents the site of the main shaft of the mine.

Commodities

Commodity	Importance
Gold	Primary
Silver	Secondary

Comments on the commodity information

Commodity Info: Reportedly two ounces of silver for every ounce of gold. Ore averaged 0.75 ounces of gold per ton.
Ore Materials: Native gold, auriferous sulfides (pyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, marcasite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, and lesser chalcopyrite).
Gangue Materials: Quartz, diorite, granodiorite

Materials information

Materials	Type of material
Gold	Ore
Pyrite	Ore
Pyrrhotite	Ore
Galena	Ore
Marcasite	Ore
Sphalerite	Ore
Arsenopyrite	Ore
Chalcopyrite	Ore
Quartz	Gangue
Diorite	Gangue

Alteration

(Local) None reported

Mineral occurrence model information

Model code	273
USGS model code	36a
Deposit model name	Low-sulfide Au-quartz vein
Mark3 model number	27

Host and associated rocks

Host or associated Host

Rock type Plutonic Rock > Granitoid > Granodiorite

Rock unit name Standard Pluton

Stratigraphic age (youngest) Jurassic

Nearby scientific data

(1)	-120.27645, 37.97735	ListMap

Economic information

Ore body information

General form Tabular, pinch and swell

General form	Tabular, pinch and swell

Controls for ore emplacement

Ore commonly concentrated at intersection of diorite dikes with quartz veins, especially near faults.

Comments on the geologic information

The Black Oak Mine is within the Sierra Nevada Mountains, where bedrock consists of northerly trending tectonostratigraphic belts of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks and associated intrusive rocks that range in age from Paleozoic to Mesozoic. The structural belts, which extend about 235 miles along the western side of the Sierra, are flanked to the east by the Sierra Nevada Batholith and to the west by sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous and Jurassic Great Valley sequence. The structural belts are internally bounded by the Melones and Bear Mountains fault zones and are characterized by extensive faulting, shearing, and folding (Earhart, 1988).

From El Dorado County southward into Mariposa County, lode gold deposits occur in three distinct belts - the West Belt, the Mother Lode Belt, and the East Belt. The Mother Lode Belt is responsible for most of the gold produced. However, there has also been substantial gold production from the West Belt and East Belt.

The West Belt in Tuolumne County consists of sparse, widely scattered gold deposits located west of the Mother Lode vein system, which represents the Mother Lode Belt. Gold occurs in irregular quartz veins and stringers in schist, slate, granitic rocks, altered mafic rocks, and as gray ore in greenstone. The West Belt is cut by the northwest-trending Bear Mountains fault zone, which separates an assemblage of metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of Jurassic age on the southwest from a more disrupted and diverse assemblage of metavolcanic, metasedimentary, plutonic, ultramafic, and melange rocks on the northeast. The metavolcanic rocks consist generally of volcanic and volcanic-sedimentary rocks of island arc affinity. These rocks are mostly mafic to intermediate in composition and include flows, breccias, and a variety of layered pyroclastic rocks. Some silicic rocks are present also. Various formation names assigned to the metavolcanic assemblages include Gopher Ridge, Copper Hill, Logtown Ridge, and Penon Blanco the metasedimentary rocks are dominantly distal turbidites and hemipelagic sequences of black slate. Assigned formation names include Mariposa, Salt Spring Slate, and Merced Falls Slate.

The northwest-trending Mother Lode Belt traverses western Tuolumne County and is associated with the Melones Fault Zone. The rocks of this belt are typically metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and ultramafic, some of which have been hydrothermally altered to assemblages as described below. Mother Lode Belt mineralization is characterized by steeply dipping gold-bearing quartz veins and bodies of mineralized country rock adjacent to veins. Mother Lode veins are characteristically enclosed in Mariposa Formation slate with associated greenstone. The Mother Lode belt vein system ranges from a few hundred feet to a mile or more in width. Within the zone are numerous discontinuous or linked veins, which may be parallel, convergent, or en echelon. The veins commonly pinch and swell. Few can be traced more than a few thousand feet. Mother Lode type veins fill voids created within faults and fracture zones and consist of quartz, gold and associated sulfides, ankerite, calcite, chlorite, limonite, talc, chromium-bearing mica, and sericite. Stringer veins are commonly found in both adjacent footwall and hanging walls.

Mother Lode ores are generally low- to moderate-grade (1/3 ounce of gold or less per ton), but ore bodies can be large. Ore shoots are generally short, 200-300 feet being the average stope length. However, they persist at depth, some having been mined to several thousand feet (Clark and Lydon, 1962). Ore shoots are commonly localized at bulges in veins, shear zones, vein intersections, or near abrupt changes in strike or dip.
Wall rocks have invariably been hydrothermally altered, having been partially to completely converted to ankerite, sericite, quartz, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chlorite, and albite with traces of rutile and leucoxene (Knopf, 1929). The mineralization is usually adjacent to the veins in ground that has been fractured and contains small stringers and lenses of quartz. Locally, greenstone bodies adjacent to the quartz veins contain enough disseminated auriferous pyrite in large enough bodies to constitute what has been called "gray ore". Altered slate wall rock commonly contains pyrite, arsenopyrite, quartz, chlorite, and sericite with or without ankerite (Zimmerman, 1983).

Large bodies of mineralized schist also form low-grade ore bodies throughout the Mother Lode. This ore consists of amphibolite schist that has been subjected to the same processes of alteration, replacement, and deposition that formed the greenstone gray ores. The altered schist consists mainly of ankerite, sericite, chlorite, quartz, and albite. Gold is associated with the pyrite and other sulfides that are present. Pyrite comprises about 8 percent of the rock. The average grade of mineralized schist is about 0.1 oz per ton.

The Melones Fault zone separates the Mother Lode Belt from the East Belt. The East Belt is dominantly argillite, phyllite and phyllonite, chert, and metavolcanic rocks of Paleozoic-Mesozoic age. Carbonate rocks (marble) are also present locally. The phyllite and phyllonite are dark to silvery gray. The chert is mostly thin-bedded with phyllite partings. The Upper Paleozoic-Lower Mesozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the East Belt have been assigned to the Calaveras Complex by most investigators (Earhart, 1988). The Lower Paleozoic metamorphic rocks farther east have been assigned to the Shoo Fly Complex. More recently, some geologists have reinterpreted some assemblages along and immediately east of the Melones Fault Zone as separate Jurassic units (Schweickert and others, 1999). The metamorphic complexes are intruded in places by Mesozoic plutonic rocks.

Lode deposits of the East Belt consist of many individual gold-bearing quartz veins enclosed in metamorphic rocks of possible Jurassic age, metamorphic rocks of the Calaveras Complex, metamorphic rocks of the Shoo Fly complex, or in granitic rocks. Most of the veins trend northward and dip steeply. An east-west set of intersecting faults may be a controlling factor in controlling deposition of ore. Ore deposits of the East Belt are smaller and narrower than those of the Mother Lode, but commonly are more chemically complex, and richer in grade. Gold is usually associated with appreciable amounts of pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite.

LOCAL GEOLOGY

The Black Oak Mine is developed in a quartz vein, the Black Oak, which cuts granodiorite of the Jurassic Standard Pluton. The vein strikes N15E and dips 60-70NW. It ranges in width from 2 to 20 feet, averages 6-8 feet wide, and has several branches into the hanging wall. Ore consists of ribbon quartz that contains about 0.75 ounces of gold per ton in addition to pyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, marcasite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, and lesser chalcopyrite. These sulfides generally make up about 3-4% of the ore and yield a concentrate that contains about 7 ounces of gold per ton.

The ore shoot at the Black Oak Mine is about 800 feet long on all mine levels and is remarkably uniform as indicated by the constant gold content of the ore. On the 19th level, the shoot became too narrow for mining. The best ore was reportedly found in lenses at the intersections of 1-2-foot-wide diorite dikes with the vein in the vicinity of a fault that cuts the vein.

Economic information about the deposit and operations

Operation type	Underground
Development status	Past Producer
Commodity type	Metallic
Deposit size	Small
Significant	Yes
Discovery year	1878

Mining district

District name	Soulsbyville District

Land status

Ownership category	Private
Area name	Tuolumne County Planning Department

Comments on the workings information

Workings at this mine consist of levels (drifts) developed from an inclined shaft that follows the vein. Some cross-cutting was done where a fault displaced the vein. The 19th level is at a vertical depth of approximately 1,700 feet.

Comments on other economic factors

Clark (1970) reported a production value of $3.5 million for this mine.

Comments on development

Stope maps available prior to 1940 indicated that about three-quarters of the developed area of the 800-foot ore shoot had been mined.

Amalgamation and cyanidation processes were used at this mine.

The mine was under private residential ownership when visited by CGS staff in 2000.

Reference information

Bibliographic references

Deposit

Clark, W. B., 1970, Gold districts of California: California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 193, p. 121-123.
Deposit

Clark. W. B., and Lydon, P.A., 1962, Mines and mineral resources of Calaveras County, California: California Division of Mines and Geology County Report No. 2, p. 72-73.
Deposit

Earhart, R.L., 1988, Geologic setting of gold occurrences in the Big Canyon area, El Dorado County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1576, 13 p.
Deposit

Higgins, C.T., 1997, Mineral land classification of a portion of Tuolumne County, California, for precious metals, carbonate rock, and concrete-grade aggregate: California Division of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 97-09, 85 p.
Deposit

Julihn, C.E., and Horton, F.W., 1940, Mineral industries survey of the United States - Mines of the southern Mother Lode Region, Part II - Tuolumne and Mariposa counties: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 424, 179 p.
Deposit

Knopf, A., 1929, The Mother Lode system of California: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 157, 88 p.
Deposit

Koschmann, A.H., and Bergendahl, M.H., 1968, Principal gold-producing districts of the United States: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 610, 283 p.
Deposit

Logan, C.A., 1928, Tuolumne County: California State Mining Bureau, 24th Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, p. 10-11.
Deposit

Logan, C.A., 1949, Mines and mineral resources of Tuolumne County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology, v. 45, no. 1, p. 47-83.
Deposit

Schweickert, R.A., Hanson, R.E., and Girty, G.H., 1999, Accretionary tectonics of the Western Sierra Nevada Metamorphic Belt in Wagner, D.L. and Graham, S.A., editors, Geologic field trips in northern California: California Division of Mines and Geology Special Publication 119, p. 33-79.
Deposit

Wagner, D.L., Bortugno, E.J., and McJunkin, R.D., 1990, Geologic map of the San Francisco-San Jose Quadrangle, California: California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology Regional Geologic Map Series, Map No. 5A, scale 1:250,000.
Deposit

Zimmerman, J.E., 1983, The Geology and structural evolution of a portion of the Mother Lode Belt, Amador County, California: Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Arizona, 138 p.

General comments

Subject category	Comment text
Deposit	The Black Oak Mine exploited a typical East Belt gold deposit, which is characterized by a tabular hydrothermal quartz vein system that fills a fissure in country rock of granodiorite. Ore consists of ribbon quartz that contains about 0.75 ounces of gold per ton and is commonly concentrated at the intersection of diorite dikes with quartz veins, especially near faults. Ore minerals in the vein include native gold and low percentages of various auriferous sulfides. The vein strikes N15E and dips 60-70W. It ranges in width from 2 to 20 feet, averages 6-8 feet wide, and has several branches into the hanging wall.

Subject category

Comment text

Deposit

The Black Oak Mine exploited a typical East Belt gold deposit, which is characterized by a tabular hydrothermal quartz vein system that fills a fissure in country rock of granodiorite. Ore consists of ribbon quartz that contains about 0.75 ounces of gold per ton and is commonly concentrated at the intersection of diorite dikes with quartz veins, especially near faults. Ore minerals in the vein include native gold and low percentages of various auriferous sulfides. The vein strikes N15E and dips 60-70W. It ranges in width from 2 to 20 feet, averages 6-8 feet wide, and has several branches into the hanging wall.

Reporter information

Type	Date	Name	Affiliation	Comment
Reporter	18-AUG-2006	Higgins, Chris T.	California Geological Survey CGS (Formerly CDMG)
Editor	01-SEP-2007	Schruben, Paul G.	U.S. Geological Survey	Converted from S&A FileMaker format to Oracle. Edit checks on rocks, units, and ages with Geolex search, and other fields.

Beyond USGS

Supplemental information added by qvyshift.com. Not part of the original USGS MRDS record.

External references

Wikidata: Q49400471 (Black Oak Mine)

Maps centered on this site

Authoritative California resources

These are landing pages for further research — the state agencies don't currently expose per-mine deep links.